From: Subject: The PuttingZone - Dead-Eye Putting (Dominant Eye Discussion) Date: Tue, 24 Apr 2007 14:35:24 -0400 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C7867D.CBA1A1B0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.2962 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C7867D.CBA1A1B0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.indygolf.com/Articles/PM28.html The PuttingZone - Dead-Eye Putting (Dominant Eye = Discussion)

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The=20 PuttingZone:
Dead-Eye Putting (Dominant = Eye=20 Discussion)

By Geoff = Mangum


For the optimal use of the body in putting, one needs to know = how the=20 brain acts as the organ of perception and movement. Working to = enhance=20 your body and brain's natural way of relating to the world is a = very=20 fundamental way to make permanent improvements in your putting. = Knowing=20 how the eyes are used by the brain for locating targets and = coordinating=20 arm movements, and knowing how the body as a whole relates to = targets=20 and motions towards targets, is key to a deep understanding of = how to=20 putt.

The proper use of the eyes in putting is crucial. Because the = brain=20 knows the world only through the senses, the eyes as a channel = for=20 sensory signals must be employed in a physical manner that = enhances=20 sensory accuracy in telling the brain about the green and the = putt, and=20 that avoids feeding the brain deceptive or confusing = information.

Four Key Factors

A proper understanding of the eye-brain system is necessary = to=20 understanding an accurate and reliable physical procedure. This=20 understanding yields four key factors: 

1) Use the dominant eye for sighting.

2) Match the plane of vision with the plane of the putt with = a flat=20 head over the ball.

3) Use a straight and level fixed gaze out of the head -- = without=20 using eye muscles -- to look vertically down on the ball and = then scan=20 straight along the line of the putt to the target.

4) Turn the head about its normal vertical axis from center = of neck=20 to the top of the head (oriented horizontally to the surface = with eyes=20 vertically above the ball) so that the head turn stays in the = plane of=20 the putt and delivers the line of sight in a straight line to = the=20 target. Combined with a square setup and a shoulders-only = straight=20 pendulum stroke, this dead-eye putting enhances the body's = native=20 abilities to make an accurate and precise putt.

1. Dominant Eye

The brain sights accurately only with the dominant eye. = Locating a=20 direction in space entails fixing the gaze on a specific = location. Since=20 there are two eyes separated by about two inches in the head, = our bodies=20 give us two different gazes with the eyes pointing inward in = different=20 directions. Eye dominance is not dissimilar to hand or foot = dominance.=20 The brain favors only one of the two eyes to define the body's = relation=20 to the target in terms of direction, and habitually uses only = that eye=20 to target objects and locations in space in terms of direction. = Over=20 time, the vision yielded by the other eye is ignored by the = brain, so=20 effectively when we sight targets, we use only our dominant eye. = Trying=20 to target only with the nondominant eye is a little like trying = to sign=20 your name with the wrong hand: it can be done, but not = gracefully.

Try holding both hands out at arm's length, thumbs up side by = side=20 like a gun sight. Use the sight to target a distant object, with = both=20 eyes open. Close the right eye. If the object jumps to the left, = you are=20 right-eye dominant. Confirm this by opening both eyes, = resighting, and=20 then closing the left eye. The object will remain in the sight. = You are=20 left-eye dominant if when you close the right eye the object = remains=20 sighted, and when you use only the right eye, the object jumps = to the=20 right of the sight. If you try to determine which eye is = dominant using=20 only one hand with a single thumb or a circle of the thumb and=20 forefinger, you will probably influence the test so that the = brain uses=20 the eye on the same side as the hand you use, so beware of = testing=20 yourself this way.

The dominant-eye factor is important in three contexts:

1) sighting from behind the line.
2) sighting from = beside the=20 ball.
3) plumb bobbing.

From behind the ball, it is not true that you should strive = to use=20 "stereoscopic" vision. Two-eyed vision is necessary for depth=20 perception, one of many distance clues, but this has little to = do with=20 locating the proper direction by sighting with the eyes. Here, = only the=20 dominant eye matters. And you must place the dominant eye on the = line=20 that extends from the target back to the ball and extending to = you, so=20 if you face directly towards the target, looking at the ball and = the=20 line, your dominant eye will be on the line and your nose and = center of=20 your body will be just to the side of the line. You also need to = stand=20 square to the line: that is, parallel horizontal lines across = your eyes,=20 ears, shoulders, hips, knees, and ankles should all be = perpendicular to=20 the line of the putt (or more beneficially, to the vertical = plane of the=20 putt extending upward from this line). It also helps to stand = back from=20 the ball about as far as the distance from the ball to the = target: this=20 reduces the apparent distance from the ball to the target and = makes=20 sensing the line easier. In fact, crouching with the head level = and=20 square to the line has the same effect. This estimating the = distance of=20 the putt by moving back the same distance for sighting also = gives you=20 excellent body-knowledge about the putt's distance (and in a = way,=20 reduces the distance of the actual putt to half by allowing you = to move=20 from behind the ball halfway to the target before making the = stroke.)=20 Another aid is to hold the shaft of the putter like a ruler and = line up=20 the ball and the target using your dominant eye. This allows you = to=20 examine the precise blades of grass along the true line and pick = out=20 useful spots.

Once the basic "line" has been sighted this way, you need to = preserve=20 the relationship between the ball and target, because once you = start=20 walking, your brain will naturally want to dump its contents = under the=20 habit of moving on to the next task. The preserving of = perceptions is=20 done with at least three techniques. First, pick spots not too = far in=20 front and behind the ball to anchor your perception of the line. = Second,=20 as you walk toward the ball, walk along the line with the = dominant eye=20 kept on the line and looking fixedly on the target (and at least = on the=20 line). Third, try to sense the plane of the putt kinetically by = allowing=20 the arm on your dominant-eye side to swing the putter into the = plane of=20 the putt in a tempo matching your pace of walking, and when you = arrive=20 at the ball, still standing along the line behind the ball, set = the=20 putterhead down with the toe pointing at the target so the flat = face of=20 the putter parallels the line and the toe points through the = center of=20 the ball at the target. Keep the putter resting thus as you step = around=20 to the side, and then recover the spots and sense of line from = the=20 putterface and assess what would be perpendicular to that line, = and=20 swivel the putterface around so the face is flatly perpendicular = to the=20 line. At this point you have a good approximation of where the = putt=20 should start, but it's only an approximation.

From beside the ball, you need to plant your plane of vision = over the=20 ball and in the plane of the putt. Then, when sighting = thereafter, use=20 only the dominant eye. This is discussed further in the next=20 section.

Because I don't believe plumb bobbing is a good idea, I will = not=20 discuss it, other than to say the flawed procedure yields much = worse=20 visual information if you do not rely exclusively on the = dominant eye.=20 (See Plumb=20 Bobbing... On Target or Outta Line)

A last topic is whether you should close the nondominant eye = in=20 putting. Perhaps sometimes. Standing behind the ball, you can = either=20 train yourself to know when you are relying upon your dominant = eye, or=20 you can close the other eye temporarily to remind yourself. The = feeling=20 of using your dominant eye is subtle but very definite. One way = to=20 notice this more is to try sighting with the nondominant eye, = with both=20 eyes open, and sense the feeling in this eye. It's like the = sighting eye=20 is a little squeezed still while the other eye is left = unattended and=20 allowed to rest loose and at ease. Use the gun-sight test. Once = you get=20 the hang of using the nondominant eye, switch back and forth at = will,=20 using first the left eye, then the right eye. You will soon = develop a=20 sense of this feeling. You always need to have this feeling in = the=20 dominant eye when putting. Can you putt with only the dominant = eye open?=20 Sure, very effectively too, but for other reasons you need both = eyes=20 open, so it's not something to encourage too much.

2. On plane

If the head is considered as a cylinder on the axis pole of = the neck=20 and spine, the cylinder being about eight inches in diameter = from the=20 back of the head to the bridge of the nose, with the eyes two = inches=20 apart on either side of the nose, it matters a great deal how = this=20 cylinder / head is oriented over the ball for purposes of = sighting the=20 target. In short, the axis of the head needs to parallel the = surface, so=20 that a line between the axis and the ball is both vertical to = the=20 surface and perpendicular to the axis of the head. In other = words, the=20 back of the head must be flat. Why? Because when you turn the = head to=20 the target, ONLY a flat head delivers the eyes to the target = without=20 requiring moving the direction of gaze from what it was looking = at the=20 ball. In other words, anything other than a flat head requires = moving=20 the eyes with eye muscles when trying to turn and look at the = target.=20 What's wrong with that? The movement of the eyes complicates the = brain=20 processing of the location of the target in reference to the = body, so=20 that the brain either needs to carefully keep track of the eye = motion=20 and factor it in to the localization process or it has to forget = everything up to the eye movement and wait until the eyes are = still=20 again and start all over figuring out the relationship. = Moreover, from=20 one putt to the next, which is more likely to produce the best = control:=20 no eye motion, or eye motion that may or may not be the same = from putt=20 to putt?

Incidentally, the eye ball is seated in a pocket of fatty = tissue=20 designed to allow the eye ball to swivel about with near = frictionless=20 motion. In effect, it is nearly impossible to "feel" your eyes = move, and=20 if you monitor eye movement, you have to concentrate on how the = visual=20 field changes due to eye reorientations in the socket.

Why do the eyes have to move if you turn to the target with = anything=20 other than a flat head? Try this: Place your head and eyes = directly over=20 the ball so the back of the head is flat, then lift the forehead = up a=20 bit so the head is tilted. You have to slant your gaze down the = nose a=20 bit to look at the ball with the forehead back up like this. = Hold the=20 shaft of your putter at your dominant eye as if it were the line = of=20 sight to the ball. Once the shaft is pointed like this, hold it = fixed=20 and swivel the head on the axis of the neck toward the target. = You will=20 see that the shaft does not point along the line to the target = but=20 curves away to the right.

If you keep your gaze the same as it was when you were = looking at the=20 ball, the tilted head turn carries your line of sight off to the = right=20 of the hole. Consequently, you will lower your gaze even further = down=20 the nose to look "at" the hole. This happens near the end of the = head=20 turn and usually without noticing the eye movement, as the = peripheral=20 view of the target comes closer to central focused vision. The = end=20 result is an unnoticed change of the eyes while the head was = turning=20 that the brain has to try to take into account, a conflict = between the=20 neck turn and the eye sighting, so the brain has to choose = whether the=20 neck muscles or the eyes are doing a better sighting job, a = largely=20 wasted opportunity to examine the actual grass along the true = line=20 because the eyes were constantly changing gaze as the head = turned, an=20 attitude of the head that makes using the right eye more = difficult and=20 so harms right-eye dominant golfers, and little more benefit = than=20 changing from looking at the ball to looking at the target = further down=20 the nose. If the head is tilted the other way when looking at = the ball,=20 with the forehead lowered, the eyes start out looking a bit up = and the=20 turn carries the line of sight to the left of the hole, and the = golfer=20 has to direct his gaze even further up to recapture a fixed = focus on the=20 hole.

The long and short of this is that the "cylinder" of the head = needs=20 to be oriented above the ball so that the = center-of-neck/top-of-head=20 axis pole is horizontal and parallel to the ground and the = length of the=20 axis is perpendicular to the line/plane of the putt. Then, in = turning=20 the head to the target, this axis should rotate as you swivel = the head=20 but it should not change its orientation with respect to the = putt plane=20 and the ground. You know that's working correctly when the top = of the=20 head stays in the same spot as you turn to the hole or back to = the ball,=20 because it's not likely the center of your neck will rove about. = The=20 usual tendency is for the top of the head to move forward, so = the axis=20 is no longer perpendicular to the plane of the putt but aslant = the plane=20 with the top closer to the hole than the center of the neck.

This being the case, where should the eyes be oriented? The = answer is=20 simple: with the dominant eye directly over the ball, that is,=20 vertically above the back of the ball with the line of sight = looking at=20 the central dimple on the back equator that lines up with the = center of=20 the ball on the line of the putt. There is one minor point about = this.=20 For a right handed golfer with right eye dominance, the right = eye will=20 not be vertically above the back of the ball because that would = make=20 place the ball too far back in relation to the putter stroke = arc, which=20 needs to reach bottom just before impact. So, the right eye = actually=20 looks straight down at a spot about one to two inches behind the = ball=20 and a tiny head swivel targetward brings the line of sight onto = the back=20 of the ball. This is a useful point to remember when checking = the=20 squareness of the putterface. If you look straight down with the = right=20 eye, you "spot" your vision just behind the center of the = clubface, on=20 the putt line, and the move to the back of the ball should be = with the=20 head, and not with eye muscles shifting the direction of gaze. = This is a=20 subtle reminder to keep the eyes still and presets your sense of = moving=20 the head in plane along the line of the putt.

When the axis length is perpendicular to the line / plane of = the=20 putt, there are three other relations that fall into place: the = plane of=20 vision defined by the parallel lines of sight of both eyes = coincides=20 with the plane of the putt exactly, the "horizon" line across = both eyes=20 matches the line of the putt on the ground, and the axis of the = head is=20 parallel to the face of the putter. The only way this can occur = when the=20 back of the head is flat is when the gaze is directed straight = and level=20 out of the head.

3. Fixed Gaze

What does "straight and level gaze" mean? If you stand on an = ocean=20 shore and face straight out to sea, with your shoulders, hips, = knees,=20 and ankles parallel to the sea-shore line, and gaze at the = farthest=20 point on the horizon straight out, you are very close to looking = straight and level out of the head. The result is that the = horizon line=20 of the far ocean makes a "horizon" line across the field of = vision of=20 both eyes cutting across both pupils, the bridge of the nose, = and a=20 touch above the corners of both eyes.

There is one direction in each eye where the gaze is = directed, and=20 neither eye should have much inward orienting, because you are = gazing at=20 infinity and the two lines of gaze are essentially parallel. If = you fix=20 on a distant target with such a straight and level gaze = (nondominant eye=20 closed) and then slowly raise the tip of your finger to "touch" = the=20 target (a pencil point or tee tip works better), this point = indicates=20 the single spot in your field of vision where your = straight-ahead level=20 gaze should always look. If you wore glasses, you could paint a = dot or=20 cross-hair with a red magic marker on your lens where this point = is. So,=20 when looking at the ball's back dimple this way, the dimple must = be=20 located at this exact spot in your field of vision. The spot is = a little=20 less than one inch to the side of the bridge of your nose on the = "horizon" line across your eye (about the length of the index = finger's=20 tip from the line of the last knuckle out). If you touch the tip = of your=20 index finger horizontally to the bridge of your nose, your = fixation=20 direction should be directly out over the knuckle line on your = finger.=20 You need to memorize this point in your field of vision -- know = it=20 instinctively, because it guides your putting every time.

One way to practice locating this point is to place a small = pencil=20 cross on a wall so the cross is the same height as the pupil in = your=20 dominant eye when you stand with erect posture. This is usually = about=20 four inches below the top of your head, so the pupil is that = distance=20 below your total height. Just walk close to the wall standing = erect and=20 note how high up the wall your pupil is and make the mark. Then = stand=20 back from the wall, square your body to the wall, close or cover = the=20 nondominant eye, and gaze directly at the cross mark. The mark = is on the=20 aiming spot in your field of vision. Nod your head a bit and = watch it=20 move up and down. Turn your head from side to side and watch the = mark=20 slide sideways across your "horizon" line. If you are looking at = a=20 target that is pupil high and the target does not occupy this = spot, then=20 your gaze is not straight and level.

Now that the head is flat above the ball, and so able to make = a turn=20 toward the target without causing use of the eye muscles, and = the=20 dominant eye is set directly above the back dimple with a = straight and=20 level gaze, a regular swivel of the head about the neck-spine = axis will=20 carry the line of sight of the dominant eye in a straight line = along the=20 ground. Everytime. No exceptions.

4. Regular Head-turn

With the plane of the gaze of both eyes matching the plane of = the=20 putt from the ball to the target, a "regular" head turn delivers = the=20 lines of sight to the target without any movement or change of = the=20 direction of gaze. What is a "regular" head turn? If the = "cylinder" of=20 the head were striped with rings parallel to the top and base of = the=20 cylinder, a regular turn is one in which all disks (the top, the = base,=20 and all rings) remain parallel to the plane of the putt at every = point=20 during the turn. And the axis rotates but does not otherwise = move.

One image that captures the spatial relations of the head and = the=20 putt plane in a proper turn is an old radio tuner. The tuner = consists of=20 two sets of parallel metal plates, one fixed and one turned by a = dial,=20 and each set of plates evenly spaced the same distances apart so = that=20 one set fits into the space of the other set. When the dial is = "tuned,"=20 one set of plates rotates in an interdigitated fashion among the = fixed=20 set of plates without touching. The head in a proper turn is the = dialed=20 set and the putt plane is the fixed set.

If the axis is truly horizontal, so the top, base, and = "plates" are=20 all vertical (as is the putt plane), then these planes are also = parallel=20 to the lines through the ankles, hips, and shoulders. If the = chin is on=20 the "base" of the head's cylinder, then a regular head turn is = one in=20 which the chin maintains a constant distance from the shoulder = line=20 during the turn. To learn this relationship, stand over a floor = with a=20 line on it (kitchen linoleum block floors are great), sight an=20 intersection as if it were a back dimple, square your body to = the line,=20 and turn the head so that the line of eyesight is carried along = the=20 floor line without eye muscle movements redirecting the gaze. It = helps=20 to look in both directions, toward the target and back away in = the=20 opposite direction, to sense the neck muscles involved and the = chin-=20 shoulderline relation. Other than the eyes, the neck turn is the = key to=20 good putting, so knowing the feeling and sense of a correct, = on-plane=20 head turn is essential.

The tendency in turning the head is for the chin to draw in = closer to=20 the shoulder line as you turn to the target. This moves the top = of the=20 head closer to the target and casts the axis of rotation aslant = the putt=20 plane. To prevent this, learn to feel a constant chin distance = from the=20 square shoulderframe, and to keep the top center of the head in = the same=20 location as the head swivels.

Once you have a flat head, a straight and level fixed gaze, = and a=20 regular head turn, you can employ a straight shoulders-only = pendulum=20 stroke on the line to make yourself a putting machine that = always putts=20 the ball straight out of the square setup the same way. The = problem is=20 to make this straight putt match the line of the putt you are = facing.=20 You begin with ankles, knees, hips, and shoulders all "square" = to the=20 tentative putt plane, turn the head, and see where your line of = sight=20 ends up without changing the direction of gaze. Do not under any = circumstances try to anticipate where your vision will end up; = instead,=20 concentrate on keeping the gaze fixed and the head turn in = plane. If you=20 end up looking at a spot on the ground to either side of the = target (for=20 right-handed putters) instead of dead on the target, then your = whole=20 body is mis-oriented to the true line and your putting machine = will miss=20 to the same side. In other words, a square setup and proper use = of the=20 eyes can tell you whether your body is properly oriented to the = putt=20 line. In still other words, in case you don't see the importance = here,=20 your physical procedure actually finds the line or reliably = tells you if=20 you are off-line.

If you are mis-oriented, simply change your feet, ankles, = knees,=20 hips, and shoulders as a unit of parallel joints, and try the = head=20 swivel again, and repeat until your line of sight is carried = accurately=20 to the target without eye movement. You may want to go back = behind the=20 ball and take another look to convince yourself your body's = setup=20 orientation was wrong.

If you go forward with the putt after delivering your line of = sight=20 off to the side of the target, you will inevitably make a stroke = that is=20 not straight with a square face. Never ever try to make = something other=20 than a straight putt, at least until you know how to make a = straight=20 putt that matches your eye-head system's revealing of the true = line.=20 This ruins your sense of distance control AND directional = control.

For similar reasons, second guessing in mid-stroke is just as = bad.=20 You are going through these physical procedures to create and = nourish a=20 relationship between your body and the ideal putt in terms of = direction=20 and distance. If at the last moment you have a "feeling" that = something=20 else would be better, you should regard that feeling as the = ravings of a=20 lunatic, as if the janitor started yelling to the brain surgeon = where he=20 should cut. Why waste your targeting / stroke planning work thus = far for=20 something utterly speculative and not founded on sound = procedures? A=20 second-guess stroke almost NEVER works out. Unfortunately, these = "impulses" come in the stroke at a point where it is nearly = impossible=20 to stop them.

The only real ultimate solution is to train them into = nonexistence.=20 In practice, everytime you make a stroke that got corrupted by = one of=20 these "second-guess" last-minute alterations, stand and watch = the ball=20 roll off to the side of what you needed and remind yourself = along the=20 following lines: which is better, to have second guesses in 10 = putts and=20 to miss all but 2 of them, or to have those 10 putts back and go = with=20 your tested physical procedures for deciding where and how to = stroke the=20 ball? It really boils down to convincing yourself that your = chance of=20 MISSING with the tested, planned procedure is LESS THAN the = chance of=20 MAKING a putt with a sudden change in the stroke without the = tested=20 procedures guiding you. Stick to the plan, even if you feel = while making=20 the stroke that the ball does not have a prayer to drop.

Another way to eliminate or reduce these moments of impulse = putting=20 overriding your plan is to devote time during setup and = targeting to do=20 it right so your body knows what's coming in the planned stroke. = The=20 second guess feeling is generated by a mismatch between the = mind's=20 planned stroke and the body's planned stroke. The body always = wins this=20 contest. The trick is to get the mind and the body on the same = page=20 before initiating the stroke. One way to express this in = conventional=20 terms, much blunted, is to say you have to be "comfortable" over = the=20 ball. You really need to be comfortable in your body with what = the mind=20 has planned. To get there, visualize your stroke and feel it in = your=20 imagination. Feel the smoothness, the direction, the nice = control of the=20 arc, and the good solid contact. If that works okay, you've = probably=20 done all you can to avoid the last-minute ruinous crisis of = faith.

An Integrated Physical Routine

Based on the above, and combining this targeting process with = a=20 simple and reliable stroke using hands below the shoulder = sockets,=20 powered by the shoulder and back muscles only and not the arms = or hands,=20 in a controlled pendulum tempo, a simple physical routine to = maximize=20 accuracy results.

1. Sighting Behind the Ball.

You begin behind the ball, and sight the line with the = dominant eye,=20 perhaps using the shaft as a ruler to pick out spots; then walk = the line=20 and watch the target with fixed gaze and place the putterhead = behind the=20 ball with toe pointing on line. This sighting can be done from a = good=20 distance back from the ball, and the same distance back as the = length of=20 the putt is often good. This distance back from the ball also = gives you=20 an experience of the true putt length by estimating it, seeing = it,=20 duplicating it, and walking it. Crouching to shorten the = apparent line=20 is also useful. Keep the putterhead oriented on the line as you = step=20 around to take your setup.

2. Adopting a Solid Square Setup.

A proper setup consists of square feet, knees, hips, and = shoulders; a=20 flat head with the plane of vision matching the plane of the = putt; and=20 hands hanging relaxed beneath the shoulder sockets holding the = putter=20 grip directly beneath the shoulders. After stepping around to = the side=20 of the ball, assess the line again by checking spots, and turn = the=20 putter to square the face and center the center of the putter = behind the=20 back dimple and center of the ball on the supposed line. Another = way to=20 "check" the line at this point is to gaze straight down at the = ball and=20 note the target in your peripheral vision; shift your eyes to = the target=20 while keeping your head still and try to make sure your eyes = shift only=20 along the "horizon" line. Then roll your head quickly to the = target,=20 delivering your vision right in the target, ignoring everything = between.=20 Look back and forth to see the plane of the putt. This will give = you a=20 sense of the line by using a separate brain system; you can = imagine a=20 vertical plane of the putt arising from this line and square = your body=20 (shoulders, feet, hips, knees) to this plane as if it were a = wall from=20 the ball to the target.

Then square the feet and plant the eyes. To plant the eyes, = stand=20 erect, look out straight and level, and bend from the hips and = also bend=20 the neck so the head ends up flat with the dominant eye = vertically above=20 the back of the ball and the plane of both eyes matching the = plane of=20 the putt. The bending to set the head requires a slight knee = bend to=20 keep the body in balance. The hips have to bend to get the = shoulder=20 sockets a bit out in the air and beyond the chest and abdomen so = the=20 arms can hang freely and swing on a straight path without = contacting the=20 body.

The distance from your eyes back to your ankles defines how = far back=20 from the ball you stand, not the lie of your putter. For me, the = distance is about ten inches from the dimple to a line across my = toes=20 (with left foot more or less pointed straight to the line of the = putt).=20 The width of the stance is also defined by your body bend and = knee bend=20 so that you are stable and comfortable without too much = conscious=20 awareness of your lower body -- usually, your ankles about as = wide as=20 your shoulders or just a touch wider.

This setup also automatically defines ball position in stance = so that=20 the ball is just forward of the bottom of your shoulder-stroke's = pendulum arc. The bottom of the arc should be directly opposite = the=20 center of your neck / top of the spine in the back (the pivot of = the=20 stroke), so the ball should be forward of this point. My = shoulder=20 sockets are about 15 inches on center, so my ankles are also = about this=20 width apart. The bottom of my stroke arc then is about 7.5 = inches in,=20 and a good spot for the ball would be about two inches forward = of this,=20 or 5.5 inches in from the left ankle's center. Because of the = width and=20 slight angling of my left foot, this means the ball should sit = just=20 inside my left heel, so that if it were actually beside my heel, = the=20 forwardmost edge of the ball would rest against the heel. In so = many=20 words, the proper setting of the eyes by itself determines all = other=20 ball-putt-body relations quite naturally.

3. Adopting a Propitious Hands Position and Grip.

Only after the eyes and head are set and the arms freely = hanging=20 directly beneath the shoulder sockets should you then take hold = of the=20 putter grip. You will be surprised that you are much lower on = the grip=20 than usual. This is, quite frankly, because putter manufacturer=20 deliberately design the putters to sell instead of for optimal = putting=20 technique: that is, the putters are designed for use by bad = putters with=20 bad technique, since they far outnumber potential customers with = good=20 technique. To fix this problem, you need a putter that matches = your good=20 technique, which is likely to be shorter than your normal = putter. The=20 other thing you will notice is that the lie of the putter is too = flat,=20 since your hands are nearer the ball than usual, thus lifting = the heel=20 of the flat-lie putter up a bit off the surface. Same reason-- = bad=20 manufacturing. The hand-ball horizontal distance defines the = lie, not=20 the putter, and this distance for a 6'0" male is the same as the = distance from the eyes back to the shoulder sockets, about six = or seven=20 inches usually. So the geometry of the lie is fixed by the eyes = and your=20 body as well. For a 6'0" male with standard arm length of 33 = inches, the=20 end result is something like eyes 48 inches above the surface = directly=20 over the ball and hands back six or seven inches from the ball = with the=20 centers of the palms hanging a little over 24 inches above the = ground.=20 In other words, a 30 inches putter with a 10-inch long grip and = a lie 14=20 degrees back from vertical is about right.

There is a tendency to let the hands drop back towards the = body, and=20 this requires a stroke that propels the putterhead more sideways = than=20 along the line. Of course, the actual stroke will necessarily be = a=20 combination of sideways and along a line, with the hands moving = on one=20 line and the center of the putter moving along a parallel line = about six=20 inches further away. But "high hands," as Dave Stockton refers = to them,=20 help prevent pulls and pushes and allow a more finely calibrated = stroke=20 on line.

The actual grip itself is not that important so long as the = basic=20 idea of treating the hands about the same is followed, with = palms facing=20 each other in balanced opposition and palmar surfaces = perpendicular to=20 the plane of the putt. To keep this grip from twisting the face = during=20 the stroke, the four keys are: 1) never change grip pressure = once the=20 stroke begins; 2) align thumbs straighton the shaft; 3) oppose = even=20 thumb pressure with opposing and balancing pressure from the = last two or=20 three fingers of both hands; and 4) if there is any change in = either=20 wrist during the stroke, it can only be a change that leaves the = palmar=20 surfaces still square to the line and the stroke path (okay to = deloft=20 the putter with a little wrist break going back and keeping the = same=20 angle going through, but not okay to rotate either the heel of = the hands=20 or the top of the hands out of plane).

4. Scan the Line to the Target for Distance as well as=20 Line.

Once the static setup has been assumed, the eyes and body are = in a=20 position for a regular head turn to determine precisely how to = orient to=20 the true line. For a straight putt without complication of = breaking=20 contour, the target is the hole, but the principle is the same = no matter=20 where the target is located with reference to the hole. After = checking=20 that the starting direction of the putterface through the center = of the=20 ball matches the plane of vision, a regular head turn ascertains = whether=20 the plane of vision matches the true plane of the putt. If the = head turn=20 delivers the eyes to the hole, and the head turn is performed = correctly,=20 the body is correctly oriented to the real line and all that is = left is=20 the making of a straight putt with the right force or = weight.

To assist in making a straight putt with the right force, the = head=20 turn is used as follows. When looking from the ball to the hole = by=20 turning the head with fixed gaze, the turn is carried out at the = imagined pace of the perfect putt down the line into the cup, as = if=20 watching an imaginary ball roll down the line and rattle = securely into=20 the cup. The pace of the neck turn and the visualization key the = brain=20 about the precise force of the stroke, without any conscious=20 involvement. The feeling is more an athletic one of rolling the = ball=20 perfectly into the hole rather than a mental one of "figuring = out" how=20 hard to "hit" the ball to "get it there," "don't leave it = short," or=20 "don't run it by."

5. Gaze into the Hole for at least 4 Seconds.

After delivering the eyes to the hole, allow the focus to = clarify on=20 the exact entry point into the hole and gaze into the space of = the hole=20 and count to four. This is the minimum time needed to build up = an image=20 of the hole that will persist during the next 4 to 6 seconds it = will=20 take to look back to the ball and make a stroke, and an image of = the=20 hole at the moment of impact is very helpful in assisting the = brain and=20 body to execute a stroke in the direction and for the distance = intended=20 (and perceived). The brain gets bored after three seconds, so a=20 conscious overriding of the impulse to discontinue the gaze into = the=20 hole is required. After three seconds, staying fixed on the = target, one=20 frequently feels the onset of a dreaminess pervading the body = and a=20 focused connection with the hole and the putt.

Also, the brain is processing both the map of the = relationship of the=20 body to the putt and target as well as planning the motor = program for=20 movement during the stroke. The brain requires some time after = turning=20 to the hole for visual focus to settle down, for the inner ear = to settle=20 down, and for the brain to take stock of the body's new still = position=20 and look at the target. Once this is done, the brain completes = the=20 sensory motor map and plans the movement. The planning of the = movement=20 is enhanced by gazing at the target with eyes and body still, = and the=20 brain's motor cortex does its optimal best sorting among the = various=20 available motions to select the best one to plan and empower = with the=20 eyes and body still.

While gazing into the hole, it helps to localize the hole in = relation=20 to the body to think of the "thereness" of the hole. Thinking = that the=20 hole is "just there, not to the left, not to the right, not = nearer, not=20 farther, just there," helps the brain focus and sharpen its = appreciation=20 of the spatial relations of direction and distance.

At this point, while gazing in the hole, a sense of the line=20 manifests itself emerging from the hole back towards the ball = for=20 perhaps the final two or three feet of the ball's path. Once = this=20 segment is perceived, the segment matches the "horizon" line = across the=20 two eyes and one begins the head turn back along the plane of = the putt=20 to deliver the line of sight of the dominant eye to the back = dimple of=20 the ball. The pace of the neck turn is not critical now, but a = smooth=20 even turn is beneficial by setting up a smooth stroke. Once the = eye=20 returns to the ball and the stroke begins, the stroke will mimic = the=20 pacing of the neck turn, so it is a good idea not to pause along = the=20 return swivel, but to keep the motion fluid and even. A little = slower=20 pace is okay, however, and one can turn back slowly enough to = pick out=20 spots as anchor points for the stroke to come, planning on = sending the=20 ball over these spots to and into the hole. The last five inches = of the=20 path just in front of the ball are critical and must be noted = almost=20 grass blade by grass blade. It is not enough just to try to = sense a=20 "line" here, as an abstract relation; one needs to actually see = the=20 specific grass blades the bottom of the ball must traverse if it = is on=20 line.

When the last five inches or so of the line are clearly seen, = the=20 head turn comes to a complete rest back with the dominant eye = vertically=20 above the back dimple of the ball. The 5-inch segment points to = and=20 contacts the ball at a front dimple, and the line continues = through the=20 center of the ball and out the back through a second dimple that = may or=20 may not be the same as the one you started with. Regardless, the = 5-inch=20 line and the two dimples and center of the ball must all = coincide in one=20 line. The two dimples and center of the ball define what amounts = to a=20 thin vertical ring in the ball. This ring is what the stroke = actually=20 propels towards the hole. The stroke will deliver the center of = the=20 putterface, squarely oriented perpendicular, along this line = through the=20 back dimple, the center of the ball, out the front dimple, and = down the=20 line as seen in the 5-inch segment, rolling the "ring" of the = ball=20 straight along the line. The pacing and force of the stroke is=20 controlled by the neck turn's extent and pacing.

The dominant eye is directed at the back dimple but the brain = is=20 "watching" several things at once: it attends to the 5-inch = segment and=20 the ring through the ball it defines, to the back dimple where = contact=20 must occur, to the putterhead's center to watch it going back = and coming=20 into the ball and down the line, and to an internal mental image = of the=20 hole as last seen while gazing fixedly at it. Most putts are = missed by=20 failing to keep the face square to the line or by failing to = move the=20 center of the putter on the line. So practice and conscious = effort are=20 given to monitor this dynamic of the stroke. Once vision's focus = has=20 clarified back at the ball, it is necessary to spot the = relations=20 described accurately right away and then initiate the stroke = with a=20 shoulder turn straight back from the ball. The timing is = altogether=20 critical, because putting is a staging and sequencing of = perceptions=20 integrated into movement. The only swing thought is to do the = job=20 correctly so you give the putt its very best chance of going = into the=20 hole.

Summary

Dead-eye putting is consistent, reliable, and accurate. With = use of=20 the dominant eye to sight from behind the ball, matching the = plane of=20 vision with the plane of the putt by a square setup with proper=20 orientation of head and eyes, use of a fixed straight and level = gaze=20 without involvement of the eye muscles, and making a regular = head turn=20 at the imagined pace of the perfect putt, you gain an extremely = accurate=20 and vivid appreciation for the line of the putt as well as the = distance.=20 This appreciation takes advantage of several perceptual = modalities at=20 once in a coordinated and synergetic fashion. The process is = staged and=20 designed to integrate smoothly with optimal movement = biomechanics and=20 brain processes. It works with the natural information- = processing=20 functions of the body for superior accuracy, precision, and=20 repeatability. If you can make a straight putt (preferably with = a=20 shoulders- only pendulum stroke), the physical procedures for = dead-eye=20 putting can very substantially increase your putting=20 acumen.

Geoff Mangum has = spent 10=20 years looking at putting logically. He has been published at = Golf.com and is also = writing a book:=20 The PuttingZone: Science, the Brain, and the Black Art of = Putting. His web page is http://www.puttingzone.com/.

=

(c) Copyright 2000 Geoff = Mangum. All=20 rights = reserved.

 

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